The retail industry is currently facing numerous challenges, from inflation to unpredictable shopping patterns brought on by the Covid-19 pandemic. These factors are affecting various stages of the product lifecycle, including buying, allocation, ranging, assortment, replenishment, and markdowns, resulting in reduced margins. In response, retailers are turning to electronic shelf labels (ESLs) to tackle the high cost of labour, which has become more pressing due to the shortage of available workers.